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It was in 1660s England, according to the received view, in the Royal Society of London, that science acquired the form of empirical enquiry we recognize as our own: an open, collaborative experimental practice, mediated by specially-designed instruments, supported by civil discourse, stressing accuracy and replicability. Guided by the philosophy of Francis Bacon, by Protestant ideas of thisworldly benevolence, by gentlemanly codes of decorum and by a dominant interest in mechanics and the mechanical structure of the universe, the members of the Royal Society created a novel experimental practice that superseded former modes of empirical inquiry, from Aristotelian observations to alchemical experimentation. This volume focuses on the development of empiricism as an interest in the body – as both the object of research and the subject of experience. Re-embodying empiricism shifts the focus of interest to the ‘life sciences’; medicine, physiology, natural history. In fact, many of the active members of the Royal Society were physicians, and a significant number of those, disciples of William Harvey and through him, inheritors of the empirical anatomy practices developed in Padua during the 16th century. Indeed, the primary research interests of the early Royal Society were concentrated on the body, human and animal, and its functions much more than on mechanics. Similarly, the Académie des Sciences directly contradicted its self-imposed mandate to investigate Nature in mechanistic fashion, devoting a significant portion of its Mémoires to questions concerning life, reproduction and monsters, consulting empirical botanists, apothecaries and chemists, and keeping closer to experience than to the Cartesian standards of well-founded knowledge. These highlighted empirical studies of the body, were central in a workshop in the beginning of 2009 organized by the unit for History and Philosophy of Science in Sydney. The papers that were presented by some of the leading figures in this area are presented in this volume.

Empiricism. --- Science -- Philosophy. --- Human Body --- Philosophy, Medical --- Empiricism --- Science --- Philosophy --- Culture --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Art --- Humanities --- Anthropology, Cultural --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Anthropology --- Social Sciences --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Philosophy & Religion --- Philosophy. --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy and science. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Experience --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Rationalism

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Die Briefe des Synesios von Kyrene (ca. 370-413 n.Chr.), der nicht nur Philosoph und Schriftsteller, sondern auch Feldherr und Bischof war, geben Einblick in die sozialen, politischen und religiös-intellektuellen Verhältnisse seiner Zeit. Für diesen Band wurden neun Briefe übersetzt und kommentiert; sie bieten einen ersten Zugang zu Synesios' Welt, vor allem auch zur Bilderwelt seiner aus den Mythen Platons gespeisten Jenseitsvorstellungen.

Social Science / Anthropology / Cultural & Social --- Religion --- History / Ancient --- Religion, Primitive --- Atheism --- Irreligion --- Religions --- Theology --- Synesius, --- Johannes --- Spätantike --- Jenseitsvorstellungen --- Epistolographie --- Pagane Bildung der christlic --- Kirchengeschichte --- Editionen, Textausgaben --- Studienliteratur --- Religionswissenschaft --- Antike --- Religionsgeschichte --- Alte Geschichte --- Antike Philosophie --- Cyrene, Synesius of, --- Qūrīnāʼī, Sūnisiyūs, --- Sinesio, --- Sūnisiyūs al-Qūrīnāʼī, --- Sūnisiyūs, --- Synésios, --- Synesios, --- Synesius Cyrenaeus, --- de Cyrene, Synesius --- Cyrene, Synesius de

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Hair transplantation is in demand worldwide, but because Asian hair tends to be more sparse and coarse than Caucasian hair, transplantation procedures need to be adapted to Asian patients. This book, exclusively devoted to Asian hair, is a complete and comprehensive text written by a group of authors sharing their experience in their specialized fields of hair restoration. Included are many practical tips as well as chapters on regional transplantation such as eyebrows, eyelashes, sideburns, beards, and mustaches, in addition to the usual scalp hair restoration. With its many illustrations, the book gives readers a complete knowledge of hair restoration surgery and provides a quick, easy-to-use reference on Asian hair and the differences in patients' demands. With an influx of new physicians in this challenging field of medicine, further education and training are imperative and must be available to provide a high standard of medical practice. This compilation meets that objective and ultimately makes the valuable contribution of restoring patients' self-confidence.

Alopecia -- ethnology. --- Alopecia -- surgery. --- Asians -- Surgery. --- Hair -- Transplantation. --- Hair --- Asians --- Continental Population Groups --- Culture --- Hypotrichosis --- Integumentary System --- Pathological Conditions, Anatomical --- Surgical Procedures, Operative --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Population Groups --- Anatomy --- Anthropology, Cultural --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Hair Diseases --- Transplantation --- Alopecia --- Asian Continental Ancestry Group --- Ethnology --- Anthropology --- Persons --- Diseases --- Skin Diseases --- Named Groups --- Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases --- Social Sciences --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Medicine --- Surgery & Anesthesiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Transplantation of Organs & Tissues --- Dermatology --- Surgery --- Baldness --- Treatment. --- Transplantation. --- Hair loss --- Loss of hair --- Medicine. --- Dermatology. --- Plastic surgery. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Plastic Surgery. --- Aesthetic surgery --- Cosmetic surgery --- Plastic surgery --- Reconstructive surgery --- Surgery, Aesthetic --- Surgery, Cosmetic --- Surgery, Reconstructive --- Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc. --- Plastic surgeons --- Skin --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Scalp --- Aging --- Surgery. --- Surgery, Primitive

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"Ever since the creators of the animated television show South Park turned their lovingly sardonic gaze on the massively multiplayer online game World of Warcraft for an entire episode, WoW''s status as an icon of digital culture has been secure. My Life as a Night Elf Priest digs deep beneath the surface of that icon to explore the rich particulars of the World of Warcraft player''s experience." --Julian Dibbell, Wired "World of Warcraft is the best representative of a significant new technology, art form, and sector of society: the theme-oriented virtual world. Bonnie Nardi''s pioneering transnational ethnography explores this game both sensitively and systematically using the methods of cultural anthropology and aesthetics with intensive personal experience as a guild member, media teacher, and magical quest Elf." --William Sims Bainbridge, author of The Warcraft Civilization and editor of Online Worlds "Nardi skillfully covers all of the hot button issues that come to mind when people think of video games like World of Warcraft such as game addiction, sexism, and violence. What gives this book its value are its unexpected gems of rare and beautifully detailed research on less sensationalized topics of interest such as the World of Warcraft player community in China, game modding, the increasingly blurred line between play and work, and the rich and fascinating lives of players and player cultures. Nardi brings World of Warcraft down to earth for non-players and ties it to social and cultural theory for scholars. . . . the best ethnography of a single virtual world produced so far." --Lisa Nakamura, University of Illinois World of Warcraft rapidly became one of the most popular online world games on the planet, amassing 11.5 million subscribers--officially making it an online community of gamers that had more inhabitants than the state of Ohio and was almost twice as populous as Scotland. It''s a massively multiplayer online game, or MMO in gamer jargon, where each person controls a single character inside a virtual world, interacting with other people''s characters and computer-controlled monsters, quest-givers, and merchants. In My Life as a Night Elf Priest, Bonnie Nardi, a well-known ethnographer who has published extensively on how theories of what we do intersect with how we adopt and use technology, compiles more than three years of participatory research in Warcraft play and culture in the United States and China into this field study of player behavior and activity. She introduces us to her research strategy and the history, structure, and culture of Warcraft; argues for applying activity theory and theories of aesthetic experience to the study of gaming and play; and educates us on issues of gender, culture, and addiction as part of the play experience. Nardi paints a compelling portrait of what drives online gamers both in this country and in China, where she spent a month studying players in Internet cafes. Bonnie Nardi has given us a fresh look not only at World of Warcraft but at the field of game studies as a whole. One of the first in-depth studies of a game that has become an icon of digital culture, My Life as a Night Elf Priest will capture the interest of both the gamer and the ethnographer. Bonnie A. Nardi is an anthropologist by training and a professor in the Department of Informatics in the Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences at the University of California, Irvine. Her research focus is the social implications of digital technologies. She is the author of A Small Matter of Programming: Perspectives on End User Computing and the coauthor of Information Ecologies: Using Technology with Heart and Acting with Technology: Activity Theory and Interaction Design. Cover art by Jessica Damsky

SOCIAL SCIENCE --- Anthropology / Cultural --- Computer games --- Virtual reality --- Visual anthropology --- Social Sciences --- Recreation & Sports --- Social aspects --- Visual anthropology. --- Social aspects. --- World of Warcraft. --- Korea (South) --- Ethnology --- USAMGIK --- United States Army Military Government in Korea --- Taehan Minʼguk --- Han guo --- Dae Han Min Kuk --- Tae Han Min Guk --- Daehan-Minʼguk --- South Korea --- Tai Han Min Kook --- South Korean Interim Government --- S.K.I.G. --- SKIG --- Nam Chosŏn Kwado Chŏngbu --- Namjosŏn --- Namjosŏn Kwado Chŏngbu --- Republic of Korea --- Da Han Minguo --- Daehan Min-kuk --- Daikan Minkoku --- ROK --- 대한민국 --- 大韓民國 --- 대한 민국 --- Daehanminguk --- World of Warcraft (Game) --- WoW (Game) --- Fantasy games --- Ȯmnȯd Solongos --- Emu̇nedu̇ Solungus --- Solongos (South) --- Solungus (South) --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Solongos Uls --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Solungus Ulus --- I︠U︡zhnai︠a︡ Korei︠a︡ --- Южная Корея --- Korei︠a︡ (South) --- Корея (South) --- BNSU --- БНСУ --- Video games

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Circumcision affects 15.3 million children and young adults annually. In terms of gender, 13.3 million boys and 2 million girls are subjected to the involuntary removal of part or all of their external sexual organs every year. The problem of female circumcision has been addressed on an international level, but male circumcision remains a controversial subject that many academics have been reluctant to examine. Circumcision is tolerated today because it has been practiced for millennia by a small but vocal minority of religious and ethnic groups, however, when the practice is examined through the lens of modern legal, ethical, and human rights advancements, no place remains in civilized society for this body-altering ritual. In Genital Autonomy: Protecting Personal Choice, international experts address various types of genital modifications, the impact of these harmful traditional practices on the child, on human rights, and on the development of the concept of bodily integrity. The papers presented in this volume address these topics from a variety of angles. They question and dissects the true motivations of the doctors, witch doctors, and “holy men” who promote and profit from circumcision.

Circumcision -- Psychological aspects. --- Circumcision -- Religious aspects. --- Circumcision -- Social aspects. --- Circumcision. --- Female circumcision. --- Circumcision --- Female circumcision --- Body Modification, Non-Therapeutic --- Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male --- Behavioral Sciences --- Social Problems --- Gynecologic Surgical Procedures --- Culture --- Morals --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Sociology --- Anthropology, Cultural --- Surgical Procedures, Operative --- Psychology, Social --- Cosmetic Techniques --- Urologic Surgical Procedures --- Urogenital Surgical Procedures --- Circumcision, Female --- Circumcision, Male --- Human Rights Abuses --- Psychology --- Ethics --- Social Sciences --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Therapeutics --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Anthropology --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Social & Cultural Anthropology --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Law and legislation --- Sexual rights. --- Human rights. --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Human rights --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Sexual freedom --- Medicine. --- Public health. --- Medical ethics. --- Commercial law. --- Mass media. --- Law. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Public Health. --- Commercial Law. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Theory of Medicine/Bioethics. --- Media Law. --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Mass media --- IT Law, Media Law, Intellectual Property. --- Law and legislation. --- Biomedical ethics --- Clinical ethics --- Ethics, Medical --- Health care ethics --- Medical care --- Medicine --- Bioethics --- Professional ethics --- Nursing ethics --- Social medicine --- Business --- Business law --- Commerce --- Law, Commercial --- Mercantile law --- Law --- Law merchant --- Maritime law --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general. --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Jurisprudence --- Legislation --- Mass communication --- Media, Mass --- Media, The --- Communication --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation